Causes of Heartburn
Heartburn is a common digestive symptom characterized by a burning sensation in the chest, often due to acid reflux, where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus. The primary cause of heartburn is a weakened or relaxed lower esophageal sphincter (LES), a ring of muscle at the base of the esophagus that usually closes tightly after food passes into the stomach. When the LES doesn't function properly, stomach acid can escape into the esophagus, leading to irritation and the characteristic burning sensation of heartburn. Certain foods and beverages, like spicy foods, citrus fruits, chocolate, coffee, and alcohol, are known to relax the LES or increase stomach acid production, triggering heartburn. Eating large meals or lying down immediately after eating can also exacerbate heartburn, as these habits increase pressure on the LES.
Other factors that contribute to heartburn include lifestyle and health conditions. Obesity or excess weight puts additional pressure on the abdomen, which can push stomach contents upward into the esophagus. Smoking is another risk factor, as nicotine relaxes the LES and increases acid production. Pregnancy often causes heartburn due to hormonal changes that relax the LES, combined with pressure on the stomach from the growing uterus. Understanding these causes can help individuals identify triggers and make lifestyle changes to reduce the frequency and severity of heartburn episodes.
