Urinary incontinence, the involuntary leakage of urine, is treated using a variety of approaches depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Behavioral techniques are often the first line of treatment and include bladder training, which involves learning to delay urination, and scheduled toileting, where patients go to the bathroom at set times rather than waiting for the urge to go. Pelvic floor muscle exercises, known as Kegel exercises, strengthen the muscles that control urination and can be very effective, especially for stress incontinence.

Medications may be prescribed to help control bladder function, reduce symptoms of urgency and frequency, and relax the bladder muscles. In more severe cases or when conservative treatments fail, surgical options are available. These may include procedures to lift and support the bladder or urethra, injections of bulking agents to help close the bladder opening, or the implantation of devices such as a bladder pacemaker (sacral neuromodulation) or artificial urinary sphincter. Lifestyle changes, such as reducing fluid intake, avoiding caffeine and alcohol, and maintaining a healthy weight, can also help manage symptoms. A healthcare provider will tailor the treatment plan to the individual’s specific needs and circumstances.