For most individuals, colonoscopy screening is recommended starting at age 45, according to guidelines from health organizations such as the American Cancer Society. This recommendation applies to people with an average risk of developing colorectal cancer. However, individuals with higher risk factors, such as a family history of colon cancer, a personal history of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or the presence of polyps, may need to start screening earlier, often by age 40 or even sooner. High-risk individuals should consult their healthcare provider for personalized screening recommendations.

In addition to age-based screening, a colonoscopy may be recommended when symptoms like rectal bleeding, persistent abdominal pain, unexplained weight loss, or changes in bowel habits occur. These symptoms can be signs of underlying gastrointestinal issues, including cancer or other serious conditions. Regular colonoscopies help in detecting colon abnormalities early, significantly increasing the chances of successful treatment. After the first screening, follow-up colonoscopies are generally advised every 10 years for those with no significant findings, but the interval may be shorter for those with a history of polyps or other risk factors.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is characterized by frequent and persistent acid reflux, where stomach acid or bile flows back into the esophagus, causing irritation. One of the most common symptoms is heartburn, a burning sensation in the chest that often occurs after eating and may be worse at night or when lying down. Another typical symptom is regurgitation, where a sour or bitter-tasting acid backs up into the throat or mouth, sometimes accompanied by a feeling of food coming back up.

Other symptoms of GERD include chest pain, difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), and the sensation of a lump in the throat. Chronic cough, laryngitis, and new or worsening asthma can also be related to GERD due to acid irritating the airways and throat. Less common symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, and dental erosion due to the acid's impact on tooth enamel. Recognizing these symptoms and seeking appropriate treatment is crucial to managing GERD and preventing complications such as esophagitis or Barrett's esophagus.